Comparing intervention clusters

Condensed view on 28 evidence-based action fields with a focus on effect size, depth of implementation, and transferability across learning contexts.

Highest impact

d = 0.63

Direct formative feedback aligned with learning paths.

8:1

Learning coaching yields an eightfold return on teaching time.

+0.21 d

Additional gain through adaptive diagnostics.

Switch between didactics, feedback formats, and contextual conditions to reveal impact patterns.

Strategy	Samples	Effect d	Transferability
Explicit instruction	61	0.58	High (languages & STEM)
Cooperative learning	47	0.39	Medium (lower & upper secondary)
Flipped classroom	33	0.41	High (upper secondary)
Project-based formats	28	0.35	Medium (vocational)

Format	Scale	Effect d	Observation
Adaptive digital	26 systems	0.63	Largest gains for struggling cohorts
Peer feedback	41 settings	0.47	Works best with clear rubrics
Micro-feedback by teachers	53 settings	0.51	Requires diagnostic expertise
Self-reflection	37 settings	0.32	Needs high learner autonomy

Context factor	Sample	Effect d	Comment
Time compression	18 programs	0.28	Only effective with tutoring
Low-stakes diagnostics	22 systems	0.37	Raises motivation
Hybrid learning spaces	31 schools	0.34	Hardware is secondary
Mentoring networks	25 clusters	0.43	Delivers sustainable effects